Cross Dressing

Cross dressing is viewed as one of society’s anomalous thoughts in light of cliché sex jobs. Cliché sexual orientation jobs are expressed as, natural females are ladylike and organic guys are manly. Cross dressing doesn't speak to the sexual orientation explicit jobs; in which people are assume to follow. The possibility of people acting and dressing like their other gender is unsatisfactory to the truth that they face. The film The Bird Cage underpins the possibility that society’s cliché sees on cross dressing stays unaltered. Society isn't comprehension of what is viewed as not the same as the ordinary. The generalization that men are manly and ladies are ladylike isn't the truth of sex versus sex. In â€Å"Sexual Mythologies† by Brian Pronger, he expresses that â€Å"Sex is a physiological qualification that is drawn among male and female, though sex is a social differentiation that partitions power among people. † (226) This speaks to the misinterpretation that men are manly and ladies are ladylike. As a general rule sexual orientation is created by social impact, and sex is hereditary. In the film The Bird Cage, Albert is brought into the world a male, however decides to get ladylike, along these lines proposing that men don't need to be manly in light of the fact that hereditary qualities say as much. Cross dressing is characterized as men who dress female and ladies who dress manly, despite the fact that society responds more to men dressing as ladies instead of ladies dressing as men. Ladies dressing as men can be viewed as a â€Å"tomboy† which is basic in the public eye, though men dressing as ladies would be considered â€Å"homosexual or transsexual. † Why is it that ladies can wear men’s dress, however men can't wear women’s garments? Society considers dresses to be a portrayal of womanliness and men are assume to be manly, and in this manner men can't wear dresses. Despite the fact that jeans are initially worn distinctly by men, but since of changes in time; pants are viewed as unisexual. For example, a lady strolling down the road in pants; individuals most likely don't see that she is wearing jeans. In any case, if a man strolls down the road in a dress, people’s eyes will turn and they will start murmuring. For what reason should a man be taken a gander at any contrastingly in contrast with any lady? In the film The Bird Cage, the general public of South Beach is anything but a cliché standard. There are numerous gay and cross dressers inside the city, and it isn't viewed as anomalous. Armand and Albert are pleased proprietors of a club that presents a daily drag appear. Their child, Val, is locked in to Senator Keeley’s little girl, Barbara. Val needs the two families to meet, however the Keeley family doesn't realize that Val’s guardians are gay and run a drag appear. Representative Keeley is a moderate man, and ethically doesn't bolster gay people. Congressperson Keeley speaks to the cliché perspectives on society. Armand makes a valid statement about how society feels about gay people and cross dressers. â€Å"Albert, these individuals are traditional preservationists. They don’t care if you’re a pig, they simply care if you’re a fag! † This statement speaks to the perspectives on society about gay individuals or cross dressers. Armand claims to be a straight man by indicating how manly he is by saying â€Å"Al, you old bastard! How ya doin’? What is your opinion about that call today? I mean the Dolphins! Fourth-and-three play on their 30 yard line with just 34 seconds to go! †¦ This demonstrates characteristically men are assume to be manly and a game that speaks to manliness is football. Society has stayed unaltered in their perspectives about cross dressing since they decide to see and accept just what they need to see and hear. Can any anyone explain why a lady can wear pants? Harking back to the nineteenth century ladies were not permitted whateve r else aside from a dress. Society can acknowledge this change in light of the impact of time and the intensity of ladies. In The Bird Cage, Louise Keeley (the senator’s spouse) makes an extraordinary case of how society just sees what it needs to see. Why, it would seem that youngsters playing leapfrog!†¦ Is it Greek? † as a general rule Louise Keeley is take a gander at a bit of china with explicit pictures of youngsters. Louise Keeley doesn't perceive what is truly there in light of the fact that she blinds herself so as to shield herself based on what is viewed as corrupt and it could be said awful. Society likewise attempts to conceal and shield themselves from circumstances that they don't care for, for example, gay people, vagrants, cross dressers, and so on. Because society needs to dazzle itself, doesn't imply that these individuals don't exist. Cross dressing is seen as off-base according to a cliché society. Natural people should be manly and ladylike separately. Cross dressing isn't viewed as a standard in the public arena. This thought is seen through the film The Bird Cage. As a general rule sex doesn't decide sex, as spoke to by Brian Pronger in â€Å"Sexual Mythologies. † Therefore sex can't decide sexual orientation, yet society will consistently see what it needs to see. Except if society can figure out how to acknowledge individuals for what their identity is and what they wear, at that point we will have a really have a general public where there are no generalizations.

A fish in a pond

A fish in a lake is a prime case of a life form living in an ecosystem.â There are various natural and non-organic associations happening in a pond.The fish may interface with its own fish assortment, with other fish species, with different vertebrates, non-vertebrates, plants and microorganisms.â moreover, the fish may likewise collaborate with its environmentâ€the water, the fish base, the stones and sand.â The fish’s prosperity is influenced by the measure of disintegrated oxygen, the water temperature, saltiness and measure of sunlight.Any awkwardness or annoyance may influence the wellbeing of the fish.â The fish’s biological system is fundamentally the same as a person who has a place with an organization.â That individual intermixes with different individuals from the gathering, simultaneously connects with the quick condition of the association, be it an office desk area, the whole working environment or the entire structure complex.The memberâ€⠄¢s condition of prosperity is additionally impacted by the states of the spot, for example, the temperature, lighting, dampness, office furniture/enhancements and space allotments.â Poor ventilation and inadequate lighting in the working environment may influence the effectiveness of the individual from the organization.There are the two preferences and hindrances in being a major fish in a little lake and a little fish in a major pond.â It is a great idea to be a major fish in a little lake on the grounds that the large fish will have a more prominent chance to get by in the little lake since it can eat the little fishes in the lake, just as ingest the vast majority of the great ocean growth in the area.â For a top-position authority individual from a little association, this individual will get the greater part of the acknowledgment given for the accomplishments the association has made.That part will likewise get a more significant compensation than the remainder of the no rmal individuals from the association since he is known to have the best characteristics and abilities in the organization.â Just like a major fish in a little lake that has his own space or domain, the top-position individual from the association has a roomy office in the structure with coordinating fine quality furnishings and different civilities in his office space.â Unfortunately, the enormous fish in the little is likewise the main fish that is generally gotten by anglers since its huge size makes it truly obvious for capture.The same thing occurs with the top-position individual from an association, he is the principal individual to be accused once an issue or monetary emergency emerges in the organization.â The top-position part is a simple sight since he speaks to the association in pretty much every occasion or communication with the remainder of the business world.

National Book Critics Circle Award Winners

National Book Critics Circle Award Winners The National Book Critics Circle have announced the winners of their annual awards. The National Book Critics Circle is a nonprofit professional association for American book critics and reviewers and are primarily known for these awards. This years winners  are an exciting and diverse collection. Autobiography Belonging: A German Reckons with History and Home by Nora Krug This is Krug’s quest to find answers to her families hidden war-time past. How has the shadow of Naziism and the Holocaust affected the lives and cultural belonging of those born generations after the fall of the regime? Biography Flash: The Making of Weegee the Famous by Christopher Bonanos The first comprehensive biography of Weegee the psychic photographer. Famous for his ability to arrive at a crime scene with his camera at just the same time as the cops this is the complex story of a man who documented gritty midcentury New York life. Criticism Feel Free: Essays by Zadie Smith An essay collection posing questions we all recognise. Divided into sections: In the World, In the Audience, In the Gallery, On the Bookshelf, and Feel Free this collection covers topics from the importance of libraries to the need to tackle global warming. Fiction Milkman by Anna Burns Set in an anonymous 1970s Northern Irish town deep in the midst of the Troubles. This is a story of gossip and danger, silence and deadly consequences. Winner of the 2018 Booker Prize. Nonfiction Directorate S: The C.I.A and America’s Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan by Steve Coll Shedding light on the dark depths of America’s intelligence, military, and diplomatic efforts to defeat Al Qaeda and the Taliban. Poetry The Carrying: Poems by Ada Limón A vulnerable and powerful poetry collection exploring with honesty infertility and age, bodily pain and ecstasy, love and brutality, what it means to live in an imperfect world. The John Leonard Prize There There by Tommy Orange A fierce debut novel telling the stories of Urban Native Americans. Full of poetry and rage, There There grapples with painful history, the inheritance of beautifully profound spirituality, and a community plague of addiction, abuse, and suicide. The Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award Arte Público Arté Publico  is the US’s largest publisher of contemporary and recovered literature by US-based Hispanic/Latinx authors. They work to recover and preserve US Hispanic/Latinx literary heritage. The Nona Balakian Citation for Excellence in Reviewing Maureen Corrigan Author, scholar, and literary critic. Corrigan has three decades of work as a critic, reviewer, and columnist for publications including NPR, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, amongst many more. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

How Does Human Activity Make The Greenhouse Effect Worse

The Greenhouse Effect How does human activity make the greenhouse effect worse? In now day, almost every country, every people talking about environmental protection problem. One of the biggest part affecting the environmental is greenhouse effect. And the greenhouse effect getting worse that the root cause is ourselves: human activity. In life, some of the small act we never pay attention for that, but that act may be one of the cause to make the greenhouse effect worse. Fist of all, fossil fuels can make energy to make our life easier, but it also affects climate change. In daily life, fossil fuels are helping us to improve our life. Fossil fuels are making the electric power for us, and let us can use lights, computers, and other electricity. On the road, fossil fuels make our car, motorcycle can run on the road. Therefor, fossil fuels can let us easy to get somewhere else. In the air, fossil fuels let the aircrafts can fly in the air, then to make the world closer that you don’t need to spend a month on the road when you travel to the other countries. On the other hand, fossil fuels formed need more then hundred thousand years by natural processes, and it’s limit sources on the earth (Fossil Fuel). Therefor, if we don’t keep planning to use them, in one day, all of the fossil fuels will be dead. If all of the fossil fuels run out, the earth’s land ice will melt, and the sea level will get increase. At that time, a lot o f coastal cities will flood by the ocean, and theShow MoreRelatedClimate Change : Human Activity1015 Words   |  5 PagesClimate Change: Human Activity is to Blame Climate change is an extremely serious threat because it affects every living thing on the planet. Climate change can have destructive effects like causing extreme weather events, ocean acidification and increasing global temperature. These are only few of the effects of climate change and if it continues can even cause the extinction of humanity. Much of the scientific community agrees that our use of fossil fuels is the cause and our continued dependencyRead MoreA Fallacy Or An Ugly Truth1435 Words   |  6 Pagesconsequence of human action is a fact that needs to be recognized, and recognized now. Global warming is a fact because weather has become more intense over time, a rise in sea level has occur and there has been a change in earth and water temperature. Global warming is a natural occurrence that has begun centuries ago. The dictionary defines global warming, â€Å"an increase in the earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effectRead MoreEssay on Global Warming1245 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming Our planets atmosphere traps energy just like a greenhouse. Energy from the Sun can enter the Earth’s atmosphere, but not all of it can easily find its way out again. What blocks the Sun’s energy from escaping from the Earth? Unlike a greenhouse, the Earth does not have a layer of glass over it! Instead, molecules in our atmosphere called greenhouse gasses absorb the heat. Greenhouse gasses include water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and carbonRead MoreNuclear Power : An Alternative Clean Energy1545 Words   |  7 PagesAs a result of the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels have become a indivisible part of human s society. On one hand, they are the main sources of power generation; on the other hand, the emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels is causing global warming and climate change, widely considered as the most urgent problems this planet is facing right now. In order to mitigate the process of global warming, an introduction of an alternative clean energy to replace part of the burden of fossilRead MoreGlobal Climate Change Causes And Effects On The Environment And The World s Oceans916 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem started at the beginning of civilization and became worse during the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. Older generations generated more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation. More carbon dioxide had a negative impact o n the ecosystems of the planet. And the scientific definition of global climate represents changes in the earth’s weather and temperature. When higher greenhouse gas concentrates in the atmosphere, the earth becomes warmerRead MoreGlobal Warming: Fact or Fiction? Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesclaim that global warming is obvious and that all arguments against global warming fall. The problem is that what is â€Å"obvious† often isn’t true. â€Å"A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earths atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.† This is the Webster dictionary definition of Global Warming, which basically says that due to an overflow of harmful and hazardous chemicals in the airRead MoreGlobal Warming Is An Issue That Scientists And All People Should Be Concerned With The Environment1548 Words   |  7 PagesMany folks have heard of g lobal warming which is also known as the Greenhouse effect, but don’t know if it’s real or not, well the answer is that it is real and hopefully by the end of reading this people will understand why. There are numerous thoughts about whether global warming is truly an issue that scientists and all people should be concerned with. Some people feel that climate change is not a threat at all, but at the same time others feel that global warming is a huge threat to people andRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Green House Effect1608 Words   |  7 Pagesunsettling factor that consistently surfaces. Global warming or the green house effect,† specifically the field of atmospheric and oceanic temperatures rising caused by human activity, or anthropomorphic climate change. This idea in society was only a superstition, but scientists believe that this once fabled tale has turned into a reality because of our over production of carbon dioxide as well as other greenhouse gases . With dramatic spikes in the production of green house gases within the lastRead MoreClimate Change Impacts and Threats Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagescome from humans and how we live day to day. Although many people have heard of climate change, there is not a big effort to fix this problem or to understand it. The best way to rectify this change to the environment is to help others recognize the causes of this problem and the effects they have on our planet. By researching, one can determine their impact on the climate, as well as how to reduce this effect. To understand how to fix global climate change, we must first understand how it startedRead MoreToxic Air Pollution : Today We Face A Major Threat1582 Words   |  7 PagesPeople polluting the air constantly get so blinded by their own greed that they do not tend to realize what they have created. Humans have the biggest contribution to global warming, and the dangers will only get worse if nothing gets done. Our various tox ic activities, such as working at power plants, drilling up natural gases and oil, and deforestation all emit greenhouse gases into the air, and because of these omissions large bodies of ice and oceans, the wildlife, and people s health will continue

The Consequences Of The English Industrial Revolution

An Industrial Revolution is when a society goes from using tools or making products by hand, to using new sources of energy, such as coal, to power machines in factories. The consequences of the English Industrial Revolution greatly outweighed the benefits. Factories were dangerous and detrimental to the environment, workers were treated inhumanely, and living conditions were unbearable due to urbanization. Factories were unsafe for workers and led to high levels of pollution. They were filled with dust which led to health problems in workers, and â€Å"the coolest part of the ironworks was 130 degrees fahrenheit† (web.bcp.org). Workers were cut, bruised, and killed because of uncovered machine shafts. In Joseph Hebergram’s testimony to the Sadler Committee, he shares a memory from his time as a child worker: â€Å"Hebergam: ‘At the L____ Mill where I worked last, a boy was caught in a machine and had both his thigh bones broke and from his knee to his hip the fl esh was ripped up the same as it had been cut by a knife. His hand was bruised, his eyes were nearly torn out and his arms were broken. His sister, who ran to pull him off, had both her arms broke and her head bruised. The boy died. I do not know if the girl is dead, but she was not expected to live’† (Document 2). The vast amount of coal that was burned to produce energy for the factories greatly increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, and the smoke from the coal turned entire cities and rivers black. FactoriesShow MoreRelatedThus, Great Britain, the first of the world countries endured industrial revolution, to the middle900 Words   |  4 Pages Thus, Great Britain, the first of the world countries endured industrial revolution, to the middle of 19 century turns into the most powerful power possessing the biggest colonial empire which allowed to provide own industry with necessary and cheapest raw materials, and also an extensive sales market of finished products.Orientation of the major branches of production, and in particular textile, on the colonial market will have an adverse effect subsequently on economic development of Great BritainRead MoreSuccesses And Failures Of The French Revolution And The Industrial Revolution1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution are both meaningful revolutions that altered the English and French citizens permanently during the end of the eighteenth century. They undoubtedly contrast in the ways in which they occurred and the reasons why they developed. However, both the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution have ways in which they succeeded as a revolution, as well as obvious failures. The Industrial Revolution and French Revolutions bittersweet consequences can be generalizedRead More Industrial Revolution Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pageshuman culture since the advent of agriculture eight or ten thousand years ago, was the industrial revolution of eighteenth century Europe. The consequences of this revolution would change irrevocably human labor, consumption, family structure, social structure, and even the very soul and thoughts of the individual. This revolution involved more than technology; to be sure, there had been industrial quot;revolutionsquot; throughout European history and non-European history. In Europe, for instanceRead MoreSocial Consequences During The Industrial Revolution923 Words   |  4 Pages The Industrial Revolution was the transmission process of manufacturing, this took place in the 1700s and the 1800s. Before this time, manufacturing was done in a small level, usually done in people’s homes, using the truest and basic forms of machinery. But in the Industrialization age, there was a shift to powerful, multi-purpose machines, and big factories. This Industrial age brought forward thousands of jobs for the men, women, and children. The Industrial Revolution did bring a surplus andRead MoreChanges Europe Experienced During The Industrial Revolution1620 Words   |  7 PagesChanges Europe experienced during the Industrial Revolution o The Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and middle nineteenth was progressive on the grounds that it modified, revolutionized the productive capacity of England, Europe and United States. In any case, the upheaval was something more than just new machines, smoke-burping processing plants, expanded efficiency and an expanded way of life. It was an upheaval which changed English, European, and American culture down to its extremelyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During Mid 19th Century843 Words   |  4 PagesWith the Industrial Revolution at its dawn during mid-19th century, England’s Northern towns and cities began to alter drastically as advances in science and technology were proceeding to reshape the world. Beyond just transforming the society and its culture; industry, technology, and commerce, as agents of reforming the old social order, brought an immense demand for the urbanization of towns and cities. Consequently, the cities of Northern England went throu gh an architectural metamorphosis ofRead MoreGlobalization Of The English Language1249 Words   |  5 Pagesout of four of the world’s population speaks English to some level of competence† (NADRAG, TIHENEA, and STAN, 2013). It is well known that English is a globally used language and holding balance internationally, but after all how can we ‘dig deeper’ into it? Although undisputedly English is today’s international lingua franca, the comprehension of globalization of the English language of its historical origin, further consequences (to other non-English speaking nations), and trend of benefit withRead MoreThe Effect of Industrial Revolution on Britain Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Industrial Revolution on Britain An industrial revolution is the term generally applied to the complex of economic changes which are involved in the transformation of a pre-industrial, traditional type of economy, characterized by low productivity and normally stagnant growth rates, to a modern industrialized stage of economic development, in which output per head and standards of living are relatively high, and economic growth is normally sustained. Read MoreThe French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagestransformations, reformations, revolutions and many other critical events that ever took place in human history. The credit is given to all these revolutions for enlightenment of mankind. The two most important revolutions were the French revolution and the industrial revolution. One can feel that both of these revolutions mutually reinforced each other and later became the back bone of all other revolutions. On the other hand, both revolutions had totally different impacts and consequences at various economicalRead More Comparing Reactions to Industrialism in Frankenstein and The Communist Manifesto1116 Words   |  5 PagesManifesto appeared in 1848, a time of great national political revolutions throughout Europe. While textually these historic nineteenth century texts have little in common, it is clear however that they both are strong reactions to previous move ments of European society. Underlying Shelleys Frankenstein are strong uses of romanticism, whereas The Communist Manifesto is undoubtedly opposing the consequences of the industrial revolution in Europe; both reactions of the past, yet effective in starkly

Do environmentalists overstate their Free Essays

Do Environmentalists Overstate Their Case? The very interesting article â€Å"Do Environmentalists Overstate Their Case? † is included in an academic book â€Å"Taking sides†. In the article writer provides articles for and against the motion. Both the sides are well addressed and are very convincing. We will write a custom essay sample on Do environmentalists overstate their or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, I personally think that, environmentalists do overstate their case. According to environmentalists the world is going to hell in a handbasket but I disagree with the statement because Various individuals organizations and nations re taking initiatives to improve the condition of the environment. Like for instance, according to the article published in Japan Times in Feb 23, 2013, Tokyo and Beijing are cooperating to decrease the air pollution and it’s menace. Similarly, according to article published in Delhi(lndia) government site various steps have been taken to reduce pollution like: ban of vehicles older than 15 years, ban in vehicles driven in conventional fuels etc. These rules are being effectively implemented though transportation enforcement team. These are few among many examples of initiatives taken to improve the environment thus world is definitely getting better and not worse in days to come. Furthermore, environmentalists are focusing too much on environmental degradation and totally ignoring about the improvement in environmental condition. They fail to address the cases of environmental improvement. For example: according to â€Å"The economist† in the article â€Å"The east is gray† America and Europe combined are cutting down their emissions by 60m tones a year in spite of increase in industrial activities. The above shown chart as published by world bank clearly shows that sulphur- dioxide concentration in all the major places are in decreasing trend. These are some of the facts that environmentalists forget to mention. Most importantly environmentalists have to understand that environment is a dynamic and not static. If it’s degraded today, it can always get better tomorrow. We don’t really have to make a fuss out of it and exaggerate to the extent that it makes people panic. We can also notice it in our real lives that the environment is actually dynamic. For example: My father told me that â€Å"The Bagmati river† which is one of the most important river of my country Nepal was very clean when he was a child. However, as a child I saw only the polluted version the river. But, as the time passed by various measures were taken to clean up the river. At local level people started cleaning it up and at national level various policies were set up. Now, I can see it for myself that the river is cleaner than it used to be. Similarly, the western countries have followed the pattern of â€Å"grow first, clean up later†. During the process of development and progress the environment is affected adversely. However, later they take the initiatives and clean up the environment. In this way, the environment is changing, sometimes for bad and sometimes for good. Thus, environmental degradation is not a big issue. TO the environment is improving every passing day. The government policies and rules indicate that, the statistics proves that and our own experiences assures the point. How to cite Do environmentalists overstate their, Papers

Recovery Nursing Care Plan Of HONOs scores †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Recovery Nursing Care Plan Of HONOs scores. Answer: HONO case score: The diagnostic focus of the patient after the mental health assessments that have been dine for the patient point out a few key risk factors and care priorities of the patient, such as mood disturbance, dysfunctional grieving, a risk for self-directed violence, self-esteem disturbance, self-care deficit, social isolation, an altered nutrition. Her HONOs scores indicate at a few key contributors of her present health conditions. Among the given scores the highest care priorities of the patient include depressed mood (score 4), problems with activities of daily living (4), and Problems with occupation and activities (4). According to the DSM assessment and the HONOs scoring the presenting disorder of the patient is Major Depressive Disorder (Moderate), single episode with peri-natal onset. RFNP table: Consumers Priority Identified Goals/Issues The consumers strengths to address these issues. Consumer andNursing Interventions Person/s Responsible Timeframe Rachelle had been suffering from the onset of extremely depressed mood and had been suffering from morning anxiety, breathlessness and has been crying all throughout the day. Consumer priority #4 Issue: risks for ineffective coping in the patient as a result of the depression in the patient and in response to the different stressors that is associated with childbirth and parenting in the first few months after the childbirth. Goal: after the implementation of the recovery focussed care planning the patient will be able to verbalize the stress causing issues and feelings with the significant other and will be able to show signs of improvement n the mood of the patient after the care. HONOs score 4 In collaboration with the case manager the patient under consideration the patient was able to discover the following strengths: -The patient's thinking is goal-directed -She is able to recognize the need for her to overcome the depression and be able to care for her daughter. -There is no evidence of any hallucinations or delusions. -despite having a significant want for suicide the patent had not been attempting suicide yet. -Rachelle is oriented to time, place and person. -Rachelles memory at the present in intact and her judgment is not impaired by any manner. -Rachelle has insight into her illness though she is feeling angry that it has happened to her The patients perception of the current situation should be actively listened to and identified. The perception of the patient with respect to the current situation should be listened because active listening to the problems will help in the better framing of thenursing intervention. Nursing intervention is based on the past and the present condition of the patient. Thus, the past and present condition play a major role in better treatment and health outcomes. (Archer et al., 2012). The patient should be encouraged to find empowerment from the positive activities and relationships in her life that will help her to change her hopeless and helpless feeling too optimistic feelings. The patient will be encouraged to communicate her feelings of fear and anxiety with either her husband or her care nurse so that she can overcome the triggers of self-harm or worthlessness. It is important to note that communication of the feelings of fear, anxiety can effectively reduce the overburdening effect of anxiety. The higher levels of anxiety can lead to depression in the long and this can negatively impact the health of the patient. The overburdening of depression can even push a patient to harm oneself and can even undertake suicidal attempts. (Bilszta et al., 2010). The patient will be encouraged to participate in her own care planning so that she can regain control of her life again. Patients are often entrusted with the responsibility of taking his or her own care. This infuses a sense of responsibility of self-awareness and self-improvement into the mind of the patient. The patient is often encouraged to undertake self-improvement plans that will effectively increase the self-control over their own life. (Clark, 2011). The patient will be prescribed antidepressant therapy and counselling Rachelle will actively take the responsibility of overcoming own sense of worthlessness and will find positively empowering activities for her daily life. Rachelle's husband will have to take the responsibility of keeping her engaged in optimizing and positively engaging activities and find her strengths to revert back to normal happy lifestyle again. Thenursing case manager will take the responsibility of communicating with patient effectively, discovering depressing triggers and overcome it (Beydoun et al., 2012). A psychotherapeutic practitioner will take the responsibility of managing her antidepressant and counselling therapies. The psychotherapist practitioner's counselling therapies are one of the best ways to cope up with the depression because sometimes medications are unable to reduce depression in a patient. for such patients, a customized counselling therapy plays a key role. (Field, 2010). The suicidal tendency risk factors of the patient will be measured for every 12-24 hours. The shift from the depressing mood and disturbed thought process should be analyzed twice to thrice a week. As the patient shifts back to her personal life and rejoins with her family her progress has to be tracked on a daily basis. The patient had been experiencing problems with occupation or activities of daily living. Consumer priority #4 Issue: Rachelle is unable to actively care for her daughter and she stays in her bed for the most part of the day. She cannot complete her daily chores either and cries randomly all throughout the day. Goal: the patient will be able to participate and successfully complete all the activities of her daily life and will be able to provide adequate care to her daughter Claire. HONOs score: #4 In collaboration with the case manager the patient under consideration the patient was able to discover the following strengths: -Rachelle understands the need for her to care for her daughter and she recognizes her failures as a mother. -she understands her inability to participate in the activities of the daily living. -she wants to regain the control or her life and actively participate in the caring for her daughter and her family. Thenursing professional will discuss the realities of parenting and recognize with the patent that the activity can be exhausting (Lefkowitz, Baxt Evans, 2010). Rachelle will be instructed to identify different infant cues and along with their subsequent meaning. Rachelle will be instructed to increase her sensitivity to the different key infant cues (Letourneau et al., 2012). The patient will be instructed to discover practical solutions which can help her retake the responsibility of the activities of daily living. Rachelle will take the responsibility for identifying the infant cues and participate efficiently in learning the meaning of the cues. -She will also take the responsibility for finding possible and practical solutions for her ADL activities throughout the day. Her husband will take the responsibility of providing support so that she can only take the stress she is capable of in daily chores. The nursing case manager will take responsibility for monitoring her efforts and progress (Mulcahy et al., 2010). The maternal and child health nurse will take the responsibility of helping her learn infant cues and parenting tricks. This recovery plan will take 2-3 weeks to be successfully completed Rachelle has Problems with occupation and activities pertaining to her career and social life. Consumer priority: #4 Issues: despite having a working business degree and a job as an office manager the patient is unable to rejoin her career. Goal: Rachelle will discover the strength to rejoin her career and will resume her activities. HONOs score: #4 In collaboration with the case manager the patient under consideration the patient was able to discover the following strengths: -Rachelle has intact memory and is capable of recalling her occupational competence. -Rachelle is oriented to person, place, and time. -Rachelle has intact insight and has adequate judgment and decision making power Rachelle will be instructed to enrol an occupational therapy program that will help her rejoin with her career competencies (Mulcahy et al., 2010). Rachelle will be instructed a few time management skills that will help her successfully manage her professional life and her personal life. Rachelle will be instructed to perform in a motivational counselling to help her cope with parenting and join back her occupation at the earliest (Vigod et al., 2010). Rachelle will take the responsibility of identifying her self-worth and sense of importance in her job. Her husband will take the responsibility of helping her and encourage her to take the occupational therapy and group counselling to keep engaged. The occupational therapist and counsellor will take the responsibility of planning and implement her progress (O'hara McCabe, 2013). The nursing case manager will keep track of her progress. This care planning will take 2-3 months to get completed. References: Archer, J., Bower, P., Gilbody, S., Lovell, K., Richards, D., Gask, L., ... Coventry, P. (2012). Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,10. Beydoun, H. A., Beydoun, M. A., Kaufman, J. S., Lo, B., Zonderman, A. B. (2012). Intimate partner violence against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Social science medicine,75(6), 959-975. Bilszta, J., Ericksen, J., Buist, A., Milgrom, J. (2010). Women's experience of postnatal depression-beliefs and attitudes as barriers to care.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,27(3), 44. Clark, D. M. (2011). Implementing NICE guidelines for the psychological treatment of depression and anxiety disorders: the IAPT experience.International Review of Psychiatry,23(4), 318-327. Depression, P. (2015). Heterogeneity of postpartum depression: a latent class analysis.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(1), 59-67. Earls, M. F., Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. (2010). Incorporating recognition and management of perinatal and postpartum depression into pediatric practice.Pediatrics,126(5), 1032-1039. Field, T. (2010). Postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, and safety practices: a review.Infant Behavior and Development,33(1), 1-6. Lefkowitz, D. S., Baxt, C., Evans, J. R. (2010). Prevalence and correlates of posttraumatic stress and postpartum depression in parents of infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings,17(3), 230-237. Letourneau, N. L., Dennis, C. L., Benzies, K., Duffett-Leger, L., Stewart, M., Tryphonopoulos, P. D., ... Watson, W. (2012). Postpartum depression is a family affair: addressing the impact on mothers, fathers, and children.Issues in mental health nursing,33(7), 445-457. Mulcahy, R., Reay, R. E., Wilkinson, R. B., Owen, C. (2010). A randomised control trial for the effectiveness of group interpersonal psychotherapy for postnatal depression.Archives of women's mental health,13(2), 125-139. O'hara, M. W., McCabe, J. E. (2013). Postpartum depression: current status and future directions.Annual review of clinical psychology,9, 379-407. Vigod, S. N., Villegas, L., Dennis, C. L., Ross, L. E. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women with preterm and low?birth?weight infants: a systematic review.BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology,117(5), 540-550.

Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Gen Y Consumers in Malaysia Essay Example

Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Gen Y Consumers in Malaysia Essay Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Gen Y Consumers in Malaysia Introduction Market segmentation is a crucial element in marketing because goods can no longer be produced and sold without considering consumer needs and recognizing the characteristic of those needs. Due to the highly competitive environment nowadays, attracting and retaining enough loyal customers plays an important key role when developing business strategies. Therefore, business should understand and target consumer from different background and culture differently in order to effectively adapt their marketing strategies (Yeong Lovett, 2010). In general, there are many demographic variables can be used to segment consumer market, for instance income, age, gender, ethnicity, marital status and household size. Among these variables, gender has been and continues to be one of the most popular forms of market segmentation for a significant proportion of product and services. According to marketing scholars (Meyers-Levy Sternthal, 1991; Darley Smith, 1995) argue that gender-based segmentation, especially if it is based on biological sex per se, meets several of the requirements for successful implementation: the segments were easy to identify, easy to access, and large enough for consumer products and services to be marketed profitably. In addition, there are many studies in the past also provided considerable evidence that gender relates to consumers’ perceptions, attitudes, preferences and purchase decisions(Mitchell Walsh, 2004; Bakewell Mitchell, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Gen Y Consumers in Malaysia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Gen Y Consumers in Malaysia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Gen Y Consumers in Malaysia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because gender has been identified as one of the significant factor in understanding consumer behavior and as a fundamental market segmentation index for companies to satisfy their customer’ demand, therefore marketer should endeavor to understand the gender differences in decision-making styles. In addition, research addressing the issue of gender differences in decision-making styles could help marketers to find better ways of communicating with both sexes and to guide marketing mix decisions (Mitchell Walsh, 2004). Literature Review According to Williams, Page, Petrosky and Hernandez (2010), Generation Y also is referred to as the Millenials or Echo Boomers. They were born during 1977-1994 and are in the 15-32 age range as of 2009. They are children of the original Baby Boomers and their numbers rival that of the Baby Boomers. They grew up in a time of immense and fast-paced change including virtually full-employment opportunities for women, dual-income households as the standard, and having computers at college and home. Moreover Gen Y consumers are more likely to complete their tasks online in just one click in making their decisions (Sengupta Titus, 2012). Starting in 2000, when the Millennials began attending college, they began to be studied by researchers and marketers to determine the generation’s overriding characteristics. Consumer decision? making styles can be defined â€Å"as mental orientations characterizing a consumer’s approach to making choices† (Sproles Kendall, 1986, p. 268). The aim of Sproles and Kendall (1986) was to provide a potentially useful instrument to assist marketers to better understand consumers’ decision-making styles in purchasing. As consequence, they developed the original 40? item Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) scale, which identified eight characteristics related to consumer decision? making styles. The CSI provides a quantitative instrument for classifying different consumer decision? making styles into distinct categories of shopping orientation. Through empirical research, Sproles and Kendall (1986) defined the following eight categories of decision -making styles namely: 1) perfectionism and high-quality conscious: Consumers carefully search for the best quality in product; 2) brand conscious and price equals quality: Consumer choose to buy more expensive, well known national brands, and believing that a higher price means better quality; 3) novelty and fashion-conscious: likes new and innovative products and gains excitement from seeking out new things; 4) recreational and hedonistic: finds shopping a pleasant activity and shop just for the fun of it; 5) price conscious and value for money: consumer which has high consciousness of sale price and likely to be comparison shoppers; 6) impulsive and careless: Consumer who do not plan their shopping and appear unconcerned about how much he or she spends; 7) confused by overchoice: These consumer are experiences information overload in the market due to perceiving too many brand s and stores and have difficulties making choices and 8) habitual and brand-loyal: These consumers select favorite brands and stores repeatedly overtime. Hiu, Siu, Wang and Chang (2001) revealed three prominent market segments through their study namely: 1. )Trendy, perfectionistic consumers: who frequent shopping and take it as an enjoyment. They are interested in high quality and fashionable items, read fashion magazines, watch various advertisements to gain trendy fashion information and tend to supportive with foreign brand which is high quality and fashionable styling. 2. ) Tradisional, pragmatic consumer: who do not view shopping as a enjoyment activity to them. They are price conscious, not interested in fashion styling and most probably choosing local brands. 3. Confused by overchoice: these consumers tend not to read magazines or advertisement on fashion, avoid exposure to too much information, and only purchase local brands which they are familiar. According to Bakewell an d Mitchell (2003), five meaningful and distinct decision-making groups were found in the study of decision-making styles of adult female Generation Y consumers in the UK: â€Å"recreational quality seekers†, â€Å"recreational discount seekers†, â€Å"trend setting loyals†, â€Å"shopping and fashion uninterested† and â€Å"confused time/money conserving†. In their later study on decision making styles of male consumers in the UK (Bakewell Mitchell, 2004), all of the original eight traits plus four new traits namely; store-loyal/low-price seeking, time-energy conserving, confused time restricted and store-promiscuity were identified. From their study it shows that the potential of the CSI for segmenting market as meaningful and different groups of male consumers with different decision making styles. Despite of previous studies which reported gender differences in decision-making styles of consumer, Mitchell and Walsh (2004) compared the decision-making styles of male and female shoppers in Germany. From the research, they managed to verify the construct validity of all eight CSI factors for female shopper and four of the factors for male shoppers. In consequence, they also concluded that male consumers were slightly less likely to be perfectionists, somewhat less novelty and fashion conscious, and less likely to be confused when making purchases compared to female consumers. Years after that, Bakewell and Mitchell (2006) undertook a similar study in the UK by using a sample of 480 male and female undergraduate students, they found that nine decision-making style were common to both genders. Through the study they had discovered three traits for male (store-loyal/low-price seeking, confused time-restricted and store-promiscuity) and three new traits for female traits (bargain seeking, imperfectionism and store loyal). There are few studies recently which had attempted to thoroughly explore the antecedent and consequences of consumer decision-making styles. Ghodeswar (2007) found that that seven out of eight dimensions of consumer decision-making style proposed by Sproles and Kendall (1986) in his study of consumer decision-making styles among Indian students. The only style which was not confirmed in his data is â€Å"price consciousness/ value for money consumer†. Gupta, Brantley Jackson (2010) found that consumers Generation Y at Midwestern University tend to be brands store loyal when they are buying high involvement product. Kambiz Fereshteh (2011) found that husband and wife have divergent decision-making styles and their family structure as a social-structural variable can be influenced by the decision-making styles of family members which is related to their purchasing behavior. Lastly, it is believed that male and female consumer in Malaysia may also have certain distinctive characteristic in decision-making during shopping and purchasing. But those characteristic could be have equal interest to both researchers and marketing practitioners. Hence, this paper will fill the gap by focusing on the differences in decision-making styles on gender in the Malaysia context. Methodology According to the past study, most of the researchers prepared a structured questionnaire based on literature review and objectives of the study. Consumers decision-making were measured using the 40-items of Consumer Style Inventory (CSI), developed by Sproles and Kendall (1986). All scales were measured on a 5-point Likert-type scales ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The reliabilities of the CSI scale, according to Sproles and Kendall (1986), ranged from 0. 48 to 0. 76. The scales items were translated into Malay language with minor changes in wording to clarify the meaning. In addition, some demographic questions were included in the questionnaire. And most of the questionnaire was self-administered to non-probability sample of male and female undergraduate students in Malaysia. Finding and Analysis Common Factors for both Male and Female According to the research study of Safiek and Hayatul (2009) in Malaysia, the decision-making of Malaysian young consumer for both gender have similarities namely: 1. ) Quality consciously: meaning that they prefer to buy more durable and quality product. 2. ) Brand consciously: it shows that they set high standards and have high expectations for the products they buy. Moreover they choose to buy the product which is heavily advertised and well-know national brands. 3. ) Fashion consciousness: this shows that both genders are seem to gain pleasure from seeking out new things and keep up-to date with fashionable attractive styles. 4. ) Confused by overchoice: This factor shows that they feel over-loaded with the information on various brands products and find it very hard to choose the best product during shopping. 5. ) Satisfying and value seeking: concluded that if both items were identical in both sample, they will carefully find the best value for money product to be purchased which is also satisfied their needs. Male Factors Again from the study of Safiek and Hayatul (2009), there are two factors found for males namely brand loyalty and time-energy conserving. For brand loyalty, male consumers score higher than female consumers on this factor because they tend to have favorite brands and will use these habitually. Next, time-energy conserving which was not found in females but it characterizes males who often save energy by making their shopping trips as fast as possible in the same stores. Moreover, males have the perception that going shopping is a waste of time and they don’t give their purchases much thought. In overall, both of these results show the similarity with previous researchers, Bakewell and Michell (2006) in the UK. Female factors From the study of Safiek and Hayatul (2009) research, it shows that there are three female factors found namely price consciousness, recreational and shopping avoidance. Female consumers scored higher than male consumers on price consciousness shows that female are more aware of the sale prices and more often choose to purchase lower price products. Next, female shoppers are more particular on recreational or pleasant shopping activity compared to male shoppers. And this factor is consistent with Mitchell and Walsh’s (2004) and Bakewell and Mitchell’s (2006) which characterization of a recreational consumer. The last factor is shopping avoidance which is very exclusive to female consumers and posed an opposite trait of recreational. However the high scored shows that if the shopping is unpleasant, female shoppers will tend to shop as quickly by purchasing the first brands or product that seem to be good enough. Conclusion In conclusion, through the research of consumer decision making styles, it offers a great opportunity to understand the characteristic or style of consumer towards their shopping behavior. And this consumer style inventory provides a fundamental for consumer decision making styles and has practical application advantages for marketers in their marketing strategic. However this study has a limitation because it only covered a specific segment of young adult in an local university in Malaysia. For future recommendation, there is a need to study these decision making styles among the larger population across different segment in order to get better converge of Malaysia young consumers. References Sproles, G. Kendall, E. (1986). A Methodology for Profiling Consumers’ Decision-Making Styles, Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 20 (2), pp. 267-279 Mitchell, V. , Walsh, G. (2004). Gender Differences in German Consumer Decision-Making styles. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 3(4), 331-346 Bakewell, C. Mitchell, V. W. (2003) Generation Y Female Consumer Decision-Making styles. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 31(2), 95-106. Bakewell, C. Mitchell, V. W. (2006). Male versus Female Consumer Decision Making. Journal of Business Research, 59, 1297-1300. Hiu, A. S. Y. , Siu, N. Y. M. , Wang, C. C. L. Chang, L. M. K. (2001). An Investigation of Decision-Making Styles of Consumers in China. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35 (2), 326-345. Safiek, M. Hayatul, S. S. (2009). Consumer Decision-Making Styles in Malaysia: An Exploratory Study of Gender Differences. European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 10, Number 4 Safiek, M. (2009). An Investigation of Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Young-Adults in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management. Vol. 4, No. 4 Darley, W. K. Smith, R. E (1995). Gender Differences in Information Processing Strategies: An Empirical Test of the Selectivity Model in Advertising Response. Journal of Advertising, 24(1), 41-59. Meyer-Levy, J. Sternthal, B. (1991). Gender Differences in the Use of Message Cues and Judgments. Journal of Marketing Research, 29 (1), 84-96. Kaylene C. Williams, K. C. , Page, R. A, Petrosky, A. R. Hernandez, E. H. (2010). Multi-Generational Marketing: Descriptions, Characteristics, Lifestyles, and Attitudes. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, Vol. 11(2) Sengupta, D. Titus, R. (2012). Evaluating Environmental Variables to assess Exhibited Behaviour: A Study of Gen Y. International Conference on Technology and Business Management Yeong, N. C. Lovet, M. G. (2010). Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Hispanic American College Students: A Consumer Styles Inventory Approach. American Journal of Business Research, Vol. 3, No 2 Ghodeswar B. M. (2007), â€Å"Consumer Decision-Making Styles Among Indian Students†, Alliance Journal of Business Research, Vol. 3, Spring 2007, pp. 36-48. Gupta, M. , Brantley, A. , Jackson, V. P. (2010). Product Involvement as a Predictor of Generation Y Consumer Decision Making Styles. The Business Review, Cambridge, Vol. 14, Num. 2 Kambiz, H. H. Fereshteh, L. (2011). Influence of Family Structure on Consumer Decision-making Style in Iran. International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 6, No. 11; November 2011

What If Your Writers Wont Work In WordPress

What If Your Writers Wont Work In WordPress Your blogging team has writers who dont want to work in WordPress. And this is not good. It really shouldnt matter where people get their writing done, so long as they write. Except that it does matter, at least for the person who has to finalize the posts. When writing in something outside of WordPress, content gets wrapped in rather messy formatting. Writers send you posts in the body of an email, or in  Microsoft Word, for example. Getting rid of the extra formatting so it doesnt blow up your WordPress blog  involves manual copy-paste solutions with an extra step to strip out formatting. Even worse? You cant really create a complete blog post outside of WordPress; someone is going to have to upload the images, make sure the headline tags are correct, and add code for things like . Writing Outside Of WordPress Here, each of our writers has their own preference. Some of us work in WordPress because of the preference of frequent previews. At other times, we prefer Google Drive,  Evernote,  Editorially, or  Draft. Thats our preferences. One of the  most common place where blog posts get written is in  Microsoft Word. Why would anyone write outside of the blogging platform that is ultimately going to do the actual publishing of their work? 1. WordPress can be confusing. Some writers are used to, and most comfortable, writing in the software theyve always used. Dragging them into WordPress and asking them to write as good as ever while learning an entirely new system is counterproductive. Even us longtime users of WordPress have rather negative feelings about the entire writing experience in the system. 2. People dont trust WordPress. The new updates included an autosave that works well, but many bloggers still have that old ingrained fear of writing the Greatest Blog Post Ever only to lose it by accidentally swiping the wrong way on their Apple Magic Mouse or closing the browser tab. Theyve known that possibility, and experienced it, in the past. 3. Getting them to write is the main battle. Sometimes your writers are writing because they have to, not that they want to. Getting them to write is the main battle; why fight another about where they write? If they are more likely to write in Word or Evernote, great. Be happy that they will write. What do you do when your writers wont work in WordPress?Try to Change Their Mind Its worth the attempt to try to get your writers on board with WordPress, and heres how you can do it. 1. Get them training. Whether its in-house or through an online course, you can insist that your writers get training. There are many place online that offer training and tutorials in using WordPress. Theres the popular Lynda.com training site, as well as WordPress.orgs very own tutorials. 2. Give them a contributor account. A contributor account in WordPress allows your writers to write and manage their own posts, but they cannot publish them. You can keep them from having access to anything that might seriously do damage to your blog. Even if they dont know anything about formatting, the writing is happening inside of WordPress and will save you from importing it in. 3. Use a third-party app. Apps like MarsEdit, Live Writer, and Editorially allow your writers to work outside of WordPress, and import what theyve written beautifully into the system. The can choose an interface that is less intimidating to do their work. Remember, you are changing a habit for your writer. They may have been writing in Word their entire life, and this is going to be nothing short of a rebellion for them. Be sure the battle to change the habit is worth it in the long run.

Business ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business ethics - Research Paper Example How should one live?† (Megone & Robinson quoting Allen, 2002: 23). As corporate management practice is primarily normative many of the examinations of how an organisation should act toward Third World Countries prompts the question how it should and can do better in ethical terms. In academia descriptive approaches to analyze and compare practices are taken as a means of judging how best those practices can be customized or altered to better suit the organization’s quest for more ethical ways of doing business. The extent of business ethical issues, how many we can come up with, in any given assessment largely reflects the degree to which the business may be at odds with social values. These values may or may not have anything to do with the economics of the situation. â€Å"...much of what masquerades as business ethics is nothing of the sort, having little to do with either business or with ethics† (Megone & Robinson quoting Sternberg, 2002: 25). Academic approaches to business ethics often get caught up in this distorted â€Å"reality,† using a directive approach that only appears to reflect what is actually going on in the organization and the environment in which it operates. Interest in business ethics came to the forefront during the 1980s and 1990s both within major corporations and within academia. â€Å"The involvement of multinational companies in the elaboration of a new Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) agenda during the 1990s imbued investment considerations with a more political profile. A plethora of initiatives expressed the increased salience of the private sector to debates over the respect for basic rights in the developing world† (Youngs, 2004: 85). More than a few corporate web sites place a good deal of emphasis on commitment to promoting non-economic social values as part of their business ethics program. They publish ethics codes as seen on

A summative assignment based on the use a self analysis tool as a Essay

A summative assignment based on the use a self analysis tool as a Clinical Manager of an Acute Medical Ward - Essay Example Jung, its first publishing was done in 1921. The initial questionnaire that developed in into the MBTI Indicator was published 1962. The MBTI mainly focuses normal populations and emphasizes on naturally occurring differences that exist ( Capraro, 2002 p. 590). Origins of the theory Jung's theory publishing was done in 1921 and it was not tested or verified under the controlled studies scientifically but it included clinical observation and introspection as well as anecdote method which are inconclusive in the modern psychology which argue that for the theory to be published it must be studied scientifically. Validity of the theory The statistical validity of this theory and use of psychometric instrument (MBTI) has found criticism in many aspects. It has been argued that there lack critical scrutiny since most of the published material on this MBTI tool was for conferences. About a third or half have been estimated that material used were for the conferences or journals which were e dited by its advocates (Capraro, 2002, p.595). Researchers expected bimodal distribution on the peaks almost at the end of the scales but these scores on subscales individually were centrally peaked distributed which was the same as the normal distribution. At the center to subscale a cutoff existed in away that the one score is classified one type while the other as an opposite type. This does not support the concept of type. Reliability of the theory Interpreted reliability from the studies has indicated the test is low. Researchers found that thirty nine percent and seventy six per cent of the test is different types. CONCEPTS As the Manual states this indicator is designed for implementing a hypothesis or a theory. Therefore the hypothesis should be comprehended so as to understand the Myers Briggs Type Indicator. Theory of psychological type is fundamental to the Myers Briggs Type Indicator as originally it was developed by Jung. He proposed an existence of two cognitive functi oning dichotomous pairs: these are judging (rational) which has functions of feeling as well as thinking and perceiving (irrational) which has functions of intuition and sensing. These functions are in introverted form or extraverted form in expression. From this concept of Jung others such as Briggs and Myers came up with their own theory for psychological type and this became the base of MBTI (Capraro, 2002, p. 598). Jung's typological model regards left handedness or right handedness as similar to psychological type. This means that individuals may be born with or may develop a certain way of thinking and acting depending on preference. MBTI is on these psychological differences and put them into four pairs that are opposite to each other with 16 possible combinations psychological types. None of these psychological types are better or even worse than the other. But Briggs and Myers developed a theory that individuals prefer one combination overall with the type differences. In t his case, writing using the left hand may be hard for a right handed people

Effectiveness Of Information Technology On Supply Chain Management

Effectiveness Of Information Technology On Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management is the concept known as the management of the materials and the information across all the partners within an industry including customers customers and suppliers suppliers. Supply Chain Management introduces the initiatives for competitive advantages to companies and it reinforces the use of technology for more accurate and faster communication among supply chain partners. The field of supply chain management has become tremendously important to companies in an increasingly competitive global marketplace. The term supply chain refers to the entire network of companies that work together to design, produce, deliver, and service products ( Hausman, 2001) Generally speaking, the supply chain is the sequence of enterprises from suppliers to end customers. The National Research Council refers to it is an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..association of customers and suppliers who, working together yet in their own best interest, buy, convert, distribute and sell goods and services among themselves resulting in the creation of a specific end product ( National Resource Council, 2000) According to the Mentzer Supply chain management is defined as the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole. (Mentzer et al.,2001 in www.emeraldinsight.com) Companies cannot work for themselves and are hence automatically part of at least one supply chain. The key participants are the manufacturers and their respective suppliers that collaborate to create and support the end-product as well as the customers that purchase the latter. A typical supply chain comprises the following layers.( Werner, 2002) Primary producer Multiple tiers suppliers Ones own company Intermediary trade in the form of wholesale and retail End-users A supply chain is the process of moving goods from the customer order through the raw materials stage, supply, production, and distribution of products to the customer. All organisation have supply chains of varying degrees, depending upon the size of the organisation and the type of product manufactured. These networks obtain supplies and components, change these materials into finished products and then distribute them to the customer. Managing the chain of events in this process is what is known as supply chain management. ( Ligus, 1999) The bullwhip effect is a major cause of supply chains problems. It describes how small fluctuations in demand at the customer level are amplified as orders pass up the supply chain through distributors, manufacturer, and suppliers. As an example consider disposable diapers. Babies generally consume diapers at a more or less consistent rate when aggregated over a large group of customers. Nevertheless, order fluctuations invariably become considerably larger as one moves upstream in this supply chain. Consequences of the bullwhip effect can be severe, including excess and fluctuating inventories, shortages and stock outs, longer lead times, higher transportation and manufacturing costs, and mistrust between supply chain partners.(Fisher, 1997) The Supply Chain Operation Model (SCOR) was designed to enable companies to communicate, compare and learn from competitors both within and outside of their industry. It only measures supply chain performance but also effectiveness of supply chain reengineering. Further it has the ability to test and plan future process improvements. The SCOR is a process reference model. Process reference models integrate the well-known concepts of business process reengineering, benchmarking, and process measurement into a cross functional framework( SCC,2001) The evaluation of supply chain management information technology enables companies to integrate activities and organisations that were previously separate. Inside a larger organisation the key element for forging new efficient processes is sharing data between functions in real time. The objective is to eliminate administrative tasks that were develop when information could only be shared by sending documents between these areas. ( Eloranta, E Holmstrom, J et al., 2001) Information technologies are no longer considered as nice to have instead it is believed that is a must. Whoever uses the information technologies effectively in managing his business will have more chance to succeed in todays world. Capturing the necessary data is one part of the race but filtering and changing the data into information effectively is the most important concept. Companies produce vast amounts of data everyday but they require advance tools to manipulate the data to reach the informative data which helps to manage their business. The purpose of this research is to introduce the supply chain management concept and initiatives; and point the information technologies used in this area to achieve the expected benefits from the management of a supply chain. It emphasis how information technologies effect supply chain management and how can it be used to manage the supply chain more effectively. In this piece of work, the basics of Supply chain management and the initiatives of the supply chain management are being described. The effects of information technologies, as the inevitable backbone of the supply chain management, will be explained in detail. 3. Rationale for Chosen Topic: Companies strive to improve market share, grow corporate profit, and gain strategic advantage. In order to achieve these goals, supply chain competency must be placed at the heart of a companys business model. Firms realize that the competition is driven by customer demand. Effective supply chain management can offer customers high quality products and services with low prices. Effective SCM can help lower production and distribution costs through seamless cooperation between business partners in their supply chain. The big retail chains have fought to a standstill in price wars over the last decade. Now they are realising that the lending edge IT is an invaluable weapon in the battle for market share ( Masters) 4. Research Questions: Formulating a series of questions adds clarity to the research process. Therefore, the fundamental questions for the proposed research topic are: What are the benefits of IT on management of supply chain? What are the effects of IT system on supply chain management? What are the benefits of vendor managed inventory in supply chain management? 5. Research Objectives: The research objectives explain the purpose of the research and define standards for what the researcher is going to do. The objectives specify the information needed to accomplish the research process. The aim of this research is to gain a better understanding of supply chain management and how affect IT on management of Supply Chain by analyzing the vendor managed inventory (VMI). This VMI concept will be introduced and its benefits to supply chain management 6. Literature Review: Information is crucial to supply chain performance because it provides the foundation on which supply chain processes execute transactions and managers make decisions. Without information, a manager will not know what customer want, how much inventory in stock, and when more products should be produced and shipped. In short, without information a manager can only make a decision blindly. Therefore, information makes the supply chain visible to a manager. Given the role of information in a supply chains success, managers must understand how information is gathered and analysed. This is where IT comes into play. IT consists of the hardware and software throughout a supply chain that gathers, analyses, and acts on information. It serves as the eyes and ears of management in a supply chain, capturing and analysing the information necessary to make a good decision. Using IT systems to capture and analyse information can have a significant impact on a firms performance. For example, a major manufacturer of computer work-stations and serves found that much of the information on customer demand was not being used to set production schedules and inventory levels. The manufacturing group lacked this demand information, which forced them to make inventory and production decisions blindly. By installing a supply chain software system, the company was able to gather and analyse data to produce recommended stocking levels. Using the IT system enabled the company to cut its inventory in half because managers could now make decisions based on information rather than educated guesses. Large impacts like this underscore the importance of IT as a driver of supply chain performance. (Chopra, S. and Meindl, P., 2001) An efficient way to improve the effectiveness of SCM is to use Information Technology (IT). IT-solutions improve the integration with other actors in the supply chain and make the business processes more effective. This is done by reorganizing the processes and automating the information-flow between the businesses involved (Wu et al., 2004). Information technology has developed in a very fast pace in the area of supply chain management. This has generated new tools and solutions to handle the information sharing between different actors in supply networks. These types of supply chain technologies are of great current interest which is indicated by a research made by AMR Research Inc. The research indicates that nearly $15 billion been spent on SCM software since 1999 in the US alone (Ruppel, 2004). The most typical role of IT in SCM is reducing the friction in transaction between supply chains partners through cost-effective information flow. Conversely, IT is more importantly viewed to have a role in supporting the collaboration and coordination of supply chains through information sharing. Present IT as one of the key cures for bullwhip effect in supply chains. IT can be used for decision support. In this instance the analytical power of computers is used to provide assistance to managerial decisions. (www.emeraldinsight.com) Supply chain management is a vital part of the search for competitive advantage, today there is a wide range of software technologies that help to provide lean and efficient supply chains. All of which enable data, which might previously have been seen half way around the world by mail, to be delivered almost instantly with little cost or effort. (Johannson, M., 2003) A fast development of information technology has given the information flow within the supply chain a more central role than before. IT is a very important component within supply chain management and the development of IT has created many new opportunities for managing the supply chain. (Paulsson, U., Nilsson, C-H., Tryggestad, K., 2000) The internet is seen as the next big supply chain opportunity as it has gained increased reliability and security over recent years. As businesses have gained experience of this technology they are now able to take full advantage of sales automation through the internet. (Johannson, M., 2003) The supply chain absorbs as much as 60 to 80 percent of a sales dollar. Therefore it is of great importance to evaluate and analyze how the supply chain activities can be done more efficiently. This thesis focuses towards these types of activities, when a real-time IT-Logistics solution is implemented within the supply chain. This is done by many companies and the supply chain is becoming more and more essential to the firms competitive strategy. (Ballou, R. H., 2004) Information Technology (IT) is playing an increasingly critical role in the success or failure of the supply chain. IT ranks highly as the essential ingredient and backbone for the success of supply chain integration.(Barut, M., Faisst, W., and Kanet, J.J., 2002). IT has become one of the keys to operating success. It is impossible to achieve an effective supply chain without IT. Since suppliers are located all over the world, it is essential to integrate the activities both inside and outside of an organization. This requires an integrated information system (IS) for sharing information on various value-adding activities along the supply chain. (Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E.W.T., 2004) As customer demand steadily increases the importance of the application of information technology became clear, However success is not guaranteed by the technology itself, but by its application. (Eloranta, E Holmstrom, J., 2001) Over time, there have been numerous initiatives that have attempted to create efficiency and effectiveness through integration of supply chain activities and process. They have been identified by names such as quick response, electronic data interchange ( EDI), short cycle manufacturing, vendor-manage inventory (VMI), continuous-replenishment planning ( CRP), and efficient consumer response (ECR). (Coyle, J.J, Bardi, E.J., Langley, C.J., 2003) Electronic Data interchange ( EDI) allows companies to place instantaneous, paperless purchase orders with suppliers. EDI is not only efficient, but it also decreases the time needed to get products to customers as transaction can occur more quickly and accurately than when they are paper based. (Chopra, S. and Meindl, P., 2001) Prior to installing EDI many retail outlets would place orders for goods during stock out situations. For manufacturers this meant unpredictable peaks and falls in the order process, therefore making it difficult to establish a manufacturing cycle for their products. Retailers would stock up at the beginning of the season and face increasing stockholding costs plus the risk of having to mark down products at the end of the season to make way for new products. (Stafford, J., 1997) Continuous Replenishment Program (CRP) is an efficient replenishment concept within the Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) arena. It focuses on improving the flow of products in the supply chain, both forward to the customer and eventually the end customer, and backward to the supplier.(Ahlerup, T., 2001) Vendor manage inventory process can be defined as A mechanism where the supplier creates the purchase orders based on the demand information exchanged by the retailer/ customer To say this is a simple terms, VMI is a backward replenishment model where the supplier does the demand creation and demand fulfilment. In this model, instead of the customer managing his inventory and deciding how much to fulfil and when, the supplier does. The Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) concept is one type of joint chain scheduling which takes care of the customers demand. This leads to increased flexibility for the supplier and efficient replenishment for the customer. (Vollmann, T. E., et al 2005) In order to make this work, it is necessary to have compatible systems that can support several standards of information flows from different actors. According to Vollmann this can be done through an open IT-architecture with a common platform for all actors within the network. VMI also helps by conveying customer demand data to the manufacturer, who can then plan production accordingly. This helps improve manufacturer forecasts and better match manufacturer production with customer demand. (Chopra, S. and Meindl, P., 2001) Vendor managed inventory (VMI) is a technique that allows suppliers to be empowered by managing inventories of agreed-upon items. VMI is now a widely practiced initiative in the retail industry. For example, Procter and Gamble (PG) and Wal-Mart have developed well-functioned VMI systems. A Web-based VMI system, in which the suppliers monitor inventory information via the Internet and replenish the items according to a predetermined contract, will improve customer service, reduce inventory buffers, reduce administrative costs, and reduce uncertainty for the supplier. The literature review identifies that IT is expected to have a pivotal role in managing supply chains, now and in the future. In fact it seems that the use of IT is crucial, especially in fast-moving industries, and particularly for managing contemporary supply networks. Moreover, the close relationship of the concept of SCM and IT sometimes makes it hard to assess which one contributes benefits. For example implementing a VMI model with EDI information transmission can lead to substantial reduction of inventories and at the same time increase material availability. 7. Research Methodology: The research design phase starts with the election of research methodology for the proposed study. The objectives of the study, the availability of information, cost of obtaining data, and appropriateness of the topic determines the research methodology used for the study. As the research is exploratory in nature, Qualitative research will be deemed more appropriate by choosing a case study, exploration of question of what the benefits of IT in SCM are. For the purpose of this investigation many different forms of primary research will be gathered by doing email and telephone interview. The goal is to understand the current state of IT implementations in SCM and what practical benefit they have recognised in SCM. Through the gathering of this primary research the information is mainly qualitative, this type of research does not involve numbers and figures or analysis of part performance but rather finding out peoples opinions and feelings, this type research also becomes increasingly important as a way of trying to predict further into the future. ( Dooley, D. Dransfield, et.al.1999) I will also use secondary data from the previous researcher, surveys and some contemporary issues. Secondary information will be used as a starting point for the further primary research, therefore it will be used in a majority of the research, this is due to the limitation of primary research and there is also a great deal of valuable information available through secondary research that the researcher fell need to be included, as it provides a good foundation for which to compare primary information and will therefore ensure validity. 8. Data Collection Methods: The data collection or gathering process is the stage in which the researcher collects data about the proposed topic. In this study, primary and secondary data collection method will be used to identify the nature of the problem. The articles from the business journals, the business books and other publicized material will be investigated to present the ideas of different academics on the issue of managing strategic change. Their findings on the issue will be included and research process and the comparison of opposite ideas will be based on the ideas of these academics. Athens Online Journals, University Libraries, Barnet Libraries, City Business Library , and British Library will be used to collect the required articles and books for the investigation. 9. Data Analysis: This is the stage where the researcher accomplishes several procedures to transform the data into useful information which helps answering the management problem and phenomenon. The proposed data analysis approach is qualitative data analysis method for this research. Data obtained through email surveys and telephone interview, various text books, journals and articles will be critically analysed by using a structured and systematic approach. The first aim here is to approach to the concept systematically and rigorously by doing so. The second aim is to establish a relationship between different ideas and structure them to reach to a conclusion. 10. Resource Requirements: The library facilities will be helpful to find sources such as published copies, course books, journals and samples. Internet is the most powerful source to gather information about companies, published copies, journals, samples, literature and secondary data. The other researches about the same subjects will be obtained through Internet websites and library.

Biometrics :: essays research papers

Biometrics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Biometrics is â€Å"a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis† (Dictionary.com WordNet  ® 2.0,  © 2003 Princeton University). In other words Biometrics is the study of the human body natural identification, now a days corporations use biometrics instead of a simple code. Also police and other federal and worldwide associations use biometrics to stop criminals and to keep track of where criminals are and who they really are. Biometrics has been around for hundreds upon hundreds of years, from when the Chinese first used it to identify children with footprints, to the more advanced salinity recognition that has been developed for today. The use of Biometrics and the technologies that have come from it has made security much more advanced, but it’s getting to the point that maybe even the technology of Biometrics is intruding our privacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the first known cases of humans using biometrics to identify one another was by early Chinese merchants. Joao Barros, wrote that the Chinese merchants used the first noted form of biometrics by stamping children’s palm and footprints on paper with ink. By doing this, the Chinese solved a way to tell apart young children from one another. This is one of the earlier of not the first noted case of the use of Biometrics; it is still used today when children are born. Though biometrics has been used throughout the world it never became a popular practice until a man named Alphonse Bertillion decided to fix the problem of identifying convicted criminals. The problem with identifying criminals that were captured again was that the criminals often gave different aliases each time they were arrested. This would keep them from receiving the larger sentence for being a repeat offender. He realized that even if a criminal changed his name, cut his hair or put on weight, certain elements of the body wouldn’t change. This led him to form a method of measuring the more noticeable parts of a person’s body, the parts of the body that never changed during their life such as the size of the skull or the length of their fingers. This system was called anthropometrical signalment and was very basic in its accomplishment. Whenever a person was arrested they were sent through a series of tests that recorded the length and distinguishable marks of thei r bodies. This was all recorded on a card and filed away in groups with similar test results.

The Interpretation of Legal Terms About Contractual

Kavala Institute of Technology MSc in Oil & Gas Technology â€Å"CONTRACT LAW† â€Å"THE INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL TERMS ABOUT CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES IN AN OIL OR GAS EXPLORATION/EXTRACTION CONTRACT† Authors: Andreou Christos Georgiou Manolis Kakanis Iordanis Skarvelas Stathis Supervisor: Pr. K. KalamboukaNovember 2012 ABSTRACT The purpose of this assignment is to identify the contractual obligations of the parties in oil and gas exploration and extraction contracts.The assignment is based on the contract between Cyprus Government and the authorized company as is approved by the Cypriot Parliament and is harmonized to â€Å"Directive 94/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on the conditions for granting and using authorizations for the prospection, exploration and production of hydrocarbons† Contents Introduction 4 1. Conditions and requirements for granting authorizations 4 2.General and specific information submitted by the applicant 5 3. Grant of an authorization 5 4. Duration of an authorization for prospection 6 5. Duration of an authorization for exploration 6 6. Relinquishment of area 6 7. Duration of an authorization for exploitation 7 8. Grant of rights to the holders of authorizations 7 9. Transfer of an authorization or assignment of rights arising from an authorization 8 10. Control of a holder of authorization by a third country or a national of a third country 8 11.Work practices 8 12. Directions of the Minister to holders of an authorization in case of contravention of Regulation 11 9 13. Drilling operations10 14. Protection of the environment11 15. Construction and maintenance of installations, pipelines and related equipment12 16. Measurement of hydrocarbons14 17. Authorized officers15 18. Unit development16 19. Records17 20. Reports17 21. Hydrocarbons production records19 22. Obligations in case of termination of an authorization20 23. Confidentiality20 24.Powers of the Court for seizure and confiscation21 25. Abandonment21 26. Abandonment of the well22 27. References23 INTRODUCTION Oil and gas contracts are shaped by national and international laws that relate to common industry transactions. With standardized contracts being used across different jurisdictions, it is important that these legal principles are properly understood. The increasing scarcity of natural resources makes it more, rather than less, likely that legal issues will be tested in the oil and gas sector.The accelerated pace of change in the oil and gas industry make this one of the world’s most challenging and complex sectors in which to understand, draft and negotiate contracts. The legal and regulatory framework of upstream oil and gas industry contracts is constantly changing, therefore it is critical that all lawyers, commercial and contracts managers working in this sector are up-to-speed. OBLIGATIONS Conditions and requirements for granting authorizations ) The authorizations may be granted on such conditions and requirements in order to ensure: a) the proper performance of the activities permitted by the authorization b) the financial contribution in money or a contribution in hydrocarbons c) national security d) public safety e) public health f) security of transport g) protection of the environment pursuant to section 11 and the terms specified in the Regulations made under this Law h) protection of biological and mineral resources and of national treasures possessing artistic, historic or archaeological value i) safety of installations and of workers ) planned management of hydrocarbon resources, such as particularly the rate at which hydrocarbons are depleted or the optimization of their recovery; and k) the need to secure revenues to the Republic. made to the conditions and requirements in the course of the procedure of examining the applications, shall be notified to all interested entities General and specific information submitted by the applic ant ) An application for an authorization for exploration shall contain the following specific information: l) the designation of the area or areas for which an application has been made, and if the application is made in respect of more than one area, the priority assigned to each area m) a detailed description of the exploration programme proposed for the area or areas applied for and its geographical distribution over such area or areas n) the minimum obligations to be undertaken relating to work and expenditure during the exploration period o) a brief note concerning he exploration activities and the effects which are likely to have on the environment, and the measures that the exploration work program intends to take for dealing with p) proposals relating to the training and employment of nationals of the Republic and the minimum expenditures to be incurred to that effect q) proposals relating to the economic terms and conditions required as criteria for the evaluation of the a pplication, such as the financial consideration and/or the sharing of production between the applicant and the Government of the Republic r) any agreement between any persons relating to the manner in which hydrocarbons operations are to be financed and s) any other information as may be required by the Minister or under the applicable model contract or which the applicant wishes the Minister to consider Grant of an authorization 3) The Minister shall negotiate the terms and provisions of the Contract with the selected applicant.In case where the negotiation is successful, the text of the Contract shall be submitted to the Council of Ministers for approval, and thereafter, if approved and signed by both parties, the relevant authorization shall be granted. Duration of an authorization for prospection 4) An authorization for prospection shall be granted for a period not exceeding one year. Duration of an authorization for exploration 5) (1) An authorization for exploration shall be g ranted for an initial period not exceeding three years and may be renewed for up to two terms, each term not exceeding two years, provided that the conditions referred to in paragraph (2) are fulfilled. 2) The authorization for exploration may be renewed, pursuant to paragraph (1), provided that the holder of such authorization has fulfilled all his obligations arising from the authorization and has submitted an application to the Council of Ministers two months prior to the expiry of the current term. (3) The Contract may provide that in case where an appraisal work program with respect to a discovery is in progress and has not been completed at the expiry of the second renewal referred to in paragraph (1), the holder of an authorization may apply to the Council of Ministers for an extension of the exploration period, which, however, may not exceed six months, in case of crude oil discovery and twenty-four months in case of natural gas discovery.In case of natural gas discovery the Council of Ministers, may extend the exploration period for a turnover the twenty-four months, if it deems that such period is necessary to determine whether a commercially viable natural gas market exists or/and is to be created. (4) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (2), where the holder of an authorization has not fulfilled all his obligations arising from the authorization, the Council of Ministers may decide to renew the authorization under such terms and conditions as the Council of Ministers may deem proper to impose. Relinquishment of area 6) (1) Upon each renewal of the authorization for exploration, the holder of an authorization relinquishes at least twenty-five percent (25%) of the initial surface of the area that is included in the authorization granted. 2) Upon expiry of the renewal of the authorization for exploration, as possibly renewed and/or extended pursuant to the provisions of Regulation 9, the holder of an authorization relinquishes all the remainin g part of the area that is included in the authorization granted: Provided that the area to be relinquished under this paragraph shall not include the areas included in an authorization for exploitation. Duration of an authorization for exploitation 7) (1) The duration of an authorization for exploitation for each exploitation area shall not exceed twenty-five years and may be renewed for a period up to ten years, subject to the terms of the Contract. (2) The authorization for exploitation may be renewed, pursuant to paragraph (1), provided that the holder of such authorization has fulfilled all his obligations arising from the authorization and has submitted an application to the Council of Ministers, through the Minister, one year 11 prior to the expiry of the current term. Grant of rights to the holders of authorizations ) (1) The authorization for the prospection of hydrocarbons shall grant to the holder of an authorization the right to prospect for hydrocarbons in the area for which the authorization was granted, (2) The authorization for the exploration of hydrocarbons shall grant to the holder of an authorization exclusive rights to explore for hydrocarbons in the area for which the authorization was granted, under the conditions and requirements of the authorization granted, and in the case of a commercial discovery of hydrocarbons, the right to be granted an exploitation authorization related to such a discovery, in accordance with the provisions of this Law and the Regulations. 3) The authorization for the exploitation of hydrocarbons shall grant to the holder of an authorization exclusive rights to exploit hydrocarbons in the area for which the authorization was granted, under the conditions and requirements of the authorization granted under the conditions and requirements of the authorization granted. Transfer of an authorization or assignment of rights arising from an authorization 9) No holder of an authorization may transfer an authorization or assign the rights arising from an authorization to another entity, except upon the consent of the Council of Ministers, which may be granted if t) it does not endanger national security ) the Council of Ministers is satisfied that an entity to whom the authorization would be transferred or the rights arising from an authorization would be assigned has sufficient technical knowledge, experience and financial resources to secure the proper exercise of the activities of prospecting, exploring for and exploiting hydrocarbons v) the entity to which the authorization would be transferred or the rights arising from an authorization would be assigned undertakes to comply with such other conditions and requirements as the Council of Ministers may deem proper to impose. Control of a holder of authorization by a third country or a national of a third country 10) (1) No entity may, after the grant of an authorization thereto, come under the direct or indirect control of a third country, or a n ational of a third country, without the prior approval of the Council of Ministers. 2) Any holder of an authorization that comes under the direct or indirect control of a third country or a national of a third country without the prior approval of the Council of Ministers, shall commit an offence and shall be liable on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months or to a fine not exceeding eight hundred fifty four thousand and three hundred Euros or to both such penalties. Work practices 11) (1) Every holder of an authorization shall carry out hydrocarbons operations in a proper, safe and workmanlike manner and in accordance with good oilfield practices. Every holder of an authorization is bound to comply with these Regulations and any other legislation regulating work practices, employers’ obligations, safety and health at work and the rights of employees. (2) Every holder of an authorization is bound to: ) ensure that all materials, supplies, machinery, plant, equipment and installations used by him or by subcontractors comply with generally accepted standards in the international petroleum industry and are of proper construction and kept in good working order b) use the natural resources of the area that is included in the authorization granted as productively as practicable c) prevent damage to producing formations and ensure that hydrocarbons discovered, mud or any other fluids or substances do not escape or be wasted d) prevent damage to hydrocarbon and water bearing strata that are adjacent to a producing formation or formations and prevent water from entering any strata bearing hydrocarbons, except where water injection methods are used for secondary recovery operations or are intended otherwise in accordance with generally accepted international petroleum industry practice e) properly store hydrocarbons in receptacles constructed for that purpose, and not store crude oil in an earthen reservoir, except temporarily in an eme rgency and f) apply the provisions of the Solid and Hazardous Waste Law as regards the hydrocarbon waste Directions of the Minister to holders of an authorization in case of contravention of Regulation 11 12) (1) In cases where the Minister scertains that any holder of an authorization has not acted in accordance with Regulation 13, he may notify such holder of an authorization in writing accordingly and require him to show cause, within a specified time-period, why he has omitted to act in accordance with Regulation 13 (2) Where the holder of an authorization to whom a written notice has been sent, in accordance with paragraph (1), fails within the specified time period, to satisfy the Minister that he has acted in accordance with Regulation 13 or to prove that such omission is justified, the Minister may direct in writing the holder of an authorization to take such measures as may be necessary with a view to ensuring compliance of the holder of an authorization with Regulation 13 (3) Where the holder of an authorization fails to comply with the Minister’s directions pursuant to paragraph (2) a) the holder of an authorization shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to a fine not exceeding one million seven hundred eight thousand and six hundred one euro or to both such penalties: Provided that in case of a prosecution against the holder of an authorization in respect of the offence referred to in this subparagraph, it shall be a defense if the holder of an authorization proves that he promptly took all necessary measures in accordance with good oilfield practices in order to comply with the Minister’s directions b) the Minister may take all or any of the measures required by his directions. In such a case, any costs incurred by the Minister shall be payable by the holder of an authorization and shall be collected as a civil debt due to the Republic Drilling operations 3) (1) The holder of an authorization is bound to ensure that the well design and conduct of drilling operations, including its casing, cementing, well spacing and plugging operations, shall be in conformity with generally accepted international petroleum industry practice (2) Every well is identified by a name, number and geographic coordinates, which are shown on maps, plans and similar records which the holders of an authorization are bound to keep. The holders of an authorization must promptly notify the Minister in writing of any change of the above-mentioned particulars (3) At least seven days before commencing any drilling or other work with respect to any well or recommencing any drilling or other work with respect to any well on which work has been discontinued for more than six months, the holders of an authorization are bound to notify the Minister in writing of their intention to do so. Such notice shall contain the following: a) the official name and number of the well ) a description of its precise location by reference to geographical coordinates c) a detailed report on the drilling technique to be followed, an estimate of the time and depth required, the material to be used and the safety measures to be taken and d) a well location report along with the geological and geophysical data and any interpretations thereof, upon which the particular location was selected (4) Where any drilling or other work with respect to any well is discontinued for a period exceeding thirty days, the holders of an authorization shall promptly notify the Minister in writing (5) At least two days before recommencing any drilling or any work, with respect to any well on which work has been discontinued for more than thirty days but for less than six months, the holders of an authorization are bound to inform the Minister in writing of their intention to do so (6) No holder of an authorization may drill a well any part of which is less than two hundred meters from a bo undary of the area that is included in the authorization granted except upon the prior written approval of the Minister and under such terms and conditions as the Minister may deem fit to impose Protection of the environment 4) (1) The holder of an authorization shall ensure that hydrocarbons operations are conducted in an environmentally acceptable and safe manner, consistent with the environmental legislation in force for the time being and the good international industry practice, and shall exercise effective control for that purpose (2) The holder of an authorization is bound to take all the necessary measures in order to: a) minimize any avoidable environmental pollution or damage to the water, the soil or the atmosphere, in relation to hydrocarbons operations b) comply with the provisions of the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, which entered into force internationally on the 19th June 1975, its Protocol hich was signed on the 19th November, 1976 and entered into force internationally on the 8th April, 1981 and the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969 and its Protocol of 1976 (Ratification) and Matters Connected Therewith Law of 1989 (3) If the holder of an authorization omits to comply with the provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) and any environmental pollution is caused in water, the soil or the atmosphere, the holder of an authorization shall take all reasonable and necessary measures to remedy or eliminate such pollution (4) If the Minister deems that any works or installations erected by the holders of an authorization or any operations conducted by the holders of an authorization endanger or may endanger persons or property of a third-party or cause pollution or harm to the environment, wildlife or marine organisms to a degree which the Minister deems unacceptable, the Minister may require the holder of an authorization to take corrective measures within a reasonable time period specified by the Minister, and to repair any damage to the environment.If the Minister deems it necessary, he may submit a proposal to the Council of Ministers, and the latter may suspend the authorization until the holder of an authorization has taken such corrective measures or has repaired any environmental damage (5) The measures and methods to be used by the holders of an authorization for the purpose of complying with paragraph (2)(a) shall be agreed in consultation with the Minister upon the commencement of the hydrocarbons operations or whenever there is a significant change in the scope or method of conducting hydrocarbons operations. The measures and methods must comply with the international standards applicable in similar circumstances (6)a) Prior to the commencement of any drilling operations, the holder of an authorization shall prepare and submit to the Minister for evaluation and approval, a contingency plan for hydrocarbon leakage and fire.In such a case, the holder of an authorization shall immediately apply the relevant contingency plan b) case of any emergency or accident other than those referred to in subparagraph (a) which affects the environment, the holder of an authorization shall take all reasonable and necessary measures, in accordance with the generally accepted international petroleum industry practice (7) In the event that the holder of an authorization omits to take the measures provided for in paragraphs (1) to (6), within the time-period specified by the Minister, the Minister may direct any action which he deems necessary and require the holder of an authorization to pay any expenses required for the execution of such actionsConstruction and maintenance of installations, pipelines and related equipment 15) (1) The holder of an authorization is bound to maintain in good condition and repair all structures, equipment and other installations used for the hydrocarbons operations and being available in the area that is incl uded in the authorization granted (2) In conducting offshore operations, the holder of an authorization, in accordance with international petroleum industry practice and applicable legislation and regulations, is bound to ensure that constructions and installations to be erected shall: a) be constructed, placed, marked, buoyed, equipped and maintained so that there are safe and convenient channels for navigation b) be fitted with navigational aids and be illuminated between sunset and sunrise in accordance with the provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973, its Protocol of 1978 and the Resolutions MEPC 14(20) of 1984, MEPC 16(22) and MEPC 21(22) of 1985 c) be kept in good repair and working order and ) not hinder navigation or fishing or cause pollution of the sea or rivers (3) No holder of an authorization may construct, alter or operate a pipeline, pumping station, storage facility or any other related facilities for the conveyan ce or storage of hydrocarbons from the area that is included in the authorization granted except upon his written application and the approval of the Minister (4) Such written application, referred to in paragraph (3) above, shall contain the following information: a) the proposed design and construction of the pipeline, pumping station, storage facility or other related facilities b) the proposed work program and budget and the technical and financial resources available to the holder of an authorization for the construction, alteration or operation of the pipeline, pumping station, storage facility or any other related facilities and c) the proposed route to be followed by the pipeline and the location of any pumping station, storage facility or other related facilities to be constructed, altered or operated (5) a) The Minister may, by Order published in the Official Gazette of the Republic, order the construction of common installations, including pipelines and other transportati on, processing, storage and communication facilities, for different areas included in the authorizations granted, if this is justified by public interest b) The holders of an authorization referred to in subparagraph (a) shall take all necessary measures and use their best efforts to reach agreement on the construction and operation of such common facilities and shall report to the Minister every fifteen days on the progress of their negotiations.If no agreement is reached after the expiration of three months, the Minister may refer the dispute to a mediation procedure (6) a) Where there exists excess capacity, a holder of an authorization may, upon approval by the Minister, enter into an agreement with another holder of an authorization, in order to use such facilities including pipelines and any other transportation, processing, storage and communication facilities b) If no agreement is reached within thirty days for the usage of the installations, the holder of an authorization w ho wishes to enter into an agreement may submit an application to the Minister, who, if he deems it appropriate, shall refer the dispute to arbitration or mediation Measurement of hydrocarbons 6) (1) a) Every holder of an authorization is bo und to obtain, operate and maintain equipment for measuring the volume and quality of any hydrocarbons produced and saved from the area that is included in the authorization granted to him including equipment or other measuring devices of the gravity, density, temperature and pressure b) All such equipment and devices along with their permissible tolerances shall not be installed or used or replaced or altered except with the prior approval of the Minister (2) Such measurement, as referred to in paragraph (1), shall be conducted by the method or methods customarily used in the international petroleum industry. The frequency and the measuring operations must be submitted in advance to the Minister for approval (3) The holder of an authorization s hall give to the Minister two days’ notice of his intention to conduct measuring operations and an authorized officer may be present and inspect such operations (4) Equipment and measuring devices shall be available for nspection and testing at all reasonable times by any authorized officers: Provided that, any such inspection and testing does not obstruct the normal operation of the facilities involved (5) If it is ascertained, following an inspection or test referred to in paragraph (4), that the equipment, devices or procedures used for measurement are inaccurate and exceed the permissible tolerances approved as provided for in paragraph (1), such inaccuracy is deemed to have existed for the entire period since the last such inspection or test, unless it is proved that the inaccuracy has been in existence for a longer or shorter period. The holders of an authorization shall proceed to the appropriate adjustments within thirty days from the date of such ascertainment Author ized officers 7) (1) The Minister may, by notification published in the Official Gazette of the Republic, authorize an appropriate person or persons to act as authorized officers in the application of this Law and the Regulations made there under and the conditions of the authorization (2) An authorized officer may carry out any or all of the following acts: a) enter at all reasonable times, showing his credentials, if so requested, and without prior notice, any building or premises or any other place, in which he has reasonable cause to believe that there is a contravention of the conditions of the holder’s authorization or any other contravention of this Law and the Regulations.Provided that, an authorized officer may not enter any residence without the prior securing of a judicial warrant b) carry out such searches, examinations, tests, inspections, reviews and investigations that may be necessary for the purpose of ascertaining whether there is a contravention of the cond itions of the holder’s authorization or any other contravention of this Law and to inspect, take extracts or copies of documents related to the hydrocarbons operations c) keep copies of any evidence or records which he has reasonable cause to believe that may be required for the purpose of proof in criminal or civil proceedings in respect of any offence pursuant to this Law and copies of any information required to be given to the Minister under section 17, on condition that the provisions of the Processing of Personal Data (Protection of Individuals) Laws are being complied with d) carry out anything that he may deem ecessary and reasonable with a view to securing compliance with the provisions of this Law and the Regulations made thereunder e) enter at all reasonable times, showing his credentials, if so requested and without any prior notice, any building, premises, area, vehicle, vessel or aircraft, and examine any machinery or equipment, which has been, is being or is to be used in connection with the hydrocarbons operations f) enter at all reasonable times, showing his credentials, if so requested and without any prior notice, any building, premises, area, vehicle, vessel or aircraft, and examine any machinery or equipment, which has been, is being or is to be used in connection with the hydrocarbons operations (3) Any holder of an authorization and any person who is the owner, occupier or in charge of any building, premises, area, vehicle, vessel or aircraft, machinery or equipment referred to in subsection (2), is bound to provide the Minister with all reasonable assistance, including the provision of necessary means of transport, for the effective exercise of his powers Unit development 8) (1) For the purposes of this Regulation, â€Å"unit development†, in relation to a hydrocarbon reservoir, means the operations for the recovery of hydrocarbons being carried on or, to be carried on in an area, for which an authorization has been grante d and in which there is part of a reservoir, that falls into another area that is included in an authorization granted to another person by the Republic or other state and in which operations for the recovery of hydrocarbons are carried on or will be carried on (2) No holder of an authorization may enter into an agreement in writing with another person for, or in relation to, the unit development of a hydrocarbon reservoir except upon the submission of such an agreement to the Minister and his written approval (3) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (2), the Minister may, either on his own motion or following an application made to him in writing by a holder of an authorization in whose licensed area there is a part of a particular hydrocarbon reservoir, for the purpose of securing the more effective and productive recovery of hydrocarbons from that hydrocarbon reservoir, direct any such holder of an authorization whose licensed area includes part of that hydrocarbon reservoir to enter into an agreement in writing within a specified period or or in relation to the unit development of the hydrocarbon reservoir (4) Where a holder of an authorization, omits to enter into the agreement referred to in paragraph (3) within the specified period or enters into the agreement referred to in paragraphs (2) and (3) but omits to submit it to the Minister for approval, the Minister may, by notice served on the holder of an authorization, request the submission, within a specified period, of an action plan for, or in relation to, the unit development of hydrocarbons (5) In case the hydrocarbon reservoir extends beyond the median line that separates the Exclusive Economic Zones of the Republic and a neighboring country, the unit development shall be governed by the relevant international agreements Records 9) Every operator is bound to keep at his office in the Republic accurate records in respect of the area that is included in the authorization granted, containing full p articulars of the following a) the areas in which any geological or geophysical work has been carried out b) accurate geological maps and plans, geophysical records and interpretations thereof c) drilling, operation, deepening, plugging or abandonment of wells d) the strata and subsoil through which wells are drilled e) the casing inserted in wells and any alteration to such casing f) any hydrocarbons, water and other economic minerals or dangerous substances encountered g) such other matters as the Contract may provide or as the Minister may deem reasonably necessary to require by notice in writing served on the holder of an authorization Reports 0) (1) The holders of an authorization are bound to inform the Minister of all major developments in relation to the course of hydrocarbons operations (2) Without prejudice to those mentioned in paragraph (1), the holders of an authorization shall submit to the Minister the following particulars a. as soon as possible after the same are ac quired or prepared i. copies of all geological, geophysical and other technical reports, well logs, maps, diagrams, magnetic tapes, electronic and other stored data, in any form, reports and interpretations which have been prepared by or for the holder of an authorization and ii. representative geological samples including cuts of core and cutting samples, properly labeled, from all wells drilled b. at half-yearly intervals commencing from the completion of six months from the grant of an authorization iii. summary of all geological and geophysical works carried out and the results thereof iv. a summary of all drilling operations and the results thereof and v. a list of maps, reports and other geological and geophysical data prepared by or for the holder of an authorization, in respect of the period concerned c. every year and within sixty days commencing from the completion of one year from the grant of an authorization: vi. a report describing the results of all hydrocarbons opera tions carried out by the holder of an authorization within the year concerned and vii. estimates, if available, of economically recoverable reserves of crude oil and natural gas at the end of the year concerned d. ummaries of exploration wells drilled, including lithological groups and hydrocarbons zones, within six months of completion of drilling or, in the case of information that cannot be reasonably obtained in that period, as soon as possible thereafter e. any other available information, data, reports, assessments and interpretations related to the hydrocarbons operations as the Minister may reasonably require (3) No holder of an authorization may transport outside the Republic originals of records, magnetic tapes, electronic and other stored records, in any form, except upon the prior approval of the Minister, which may be granted if the Minister is satisfied that f. the magnetic tapes or other data which will be processed or analyzed outside the Republic shall be exported o nly if the originals or copies shall remain in the Republic and g. n case where such originals of records, magnetic tapes, electronic and other stored records, in any form, are exported outside the Republic, the said originals shall be returned to the Republic within a reasonable time-limit (4) Ownership of all original information and data referred to in this Regulation shall vest in the Republic (5) The Minister may have access to the originals of all records, magnetic tapes, electronic and other stored records in any form, and may, upon request, obtain two copies thereof from the holder of an authorization free of charge (6) The holder of an authorization shall keep originals beyond the termination of the Contract for a period and under such terms prescribed in the Contract Hydrocarbons production records 1) (1) The operator is bound to keep during the validity of the Contract at his office in the Republic accurate production records containing full particulars of the following: w) the gross quantity of any crude oil and natural gas produced and saved from the area that is included in the authorization granted x) the grades, gravity and composition of any crude oil produced and the composition of any natural gas produced y) any quantities of crude oil, natural gas and sulfur, in any form, or any other minerals, gases, liquids or solids disposed of by way of sale or otherwise, the consideration received, the quantity disposed of and the name and address of the natural or legal person to whom any such quantity was disposed of z) the quantity of crude oil, natural gas and other liquids or gases injected into a geological formation {) the quantity of crude oil and natural gas consumed for drilling and other development and production operations, other than the quantity referred to in Sub paragraph (d), and the quantity of crude oil and natural gas consumed in pumping to field storage, in the refineries of the Republic or up to the delivery point |) the quantity of crude oil refined by or on behalf of the holder of an authorization in the Republic, if any }) the quantity of natural gas treated in the Republic by or on behalf of the holder of an authorization for the removal of liquids and liquefied petroleum gases and the quantity of butane, propane and any other liquids, gases or any solids obtained therefrom ~) the quantity of natural gas flared or vented and ) any other information as the Contract may provide or the Minister may reasonably require in writing by the holder of an authorization Obligations in case of termination of an authorization 22) In case of termination, revocation, suspension, cancellation or expiration of an authorization, or upon relinquishment of any part of the area that is included in the authorization granted, the holder of an authorization is bound, within seven days, to deliver to the Minister, in relation to the area, copies of such documents or material not previously delivered.The Minister may, by notice in writing, require the holder of an authorization to deliver any other data as he may reasonably deem necessary Confidentiality 23) (1) Subject to the provisions of section 20 of the Law, all returns, reports, plans, data and other information submitted to the Minister pursuant to these Regulations shall be treated as confidential within the meaning of section 13 of the Statistics Law, and shall not be disclosed to third parties prior to the relinquishment of the area to which the above-mentioned particulars relate or prior to the expiry of the exploration period if such area is not sooner relinquished, unless the Contract provides otherwise (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) ) any surface geological maps and interpretations may be utilized at any time by the competent authorities of the Republic for incorporation into official maps b) annual statistical information may be published at any time by the Republic in a form which does not disclose the operations of any particular holder of an authorization c) the Republic may communicate such returns, reports, plans, data and other information at any time, if deemed necessary, to professional consultants, lawyers, legal advisers, accountants, underwriters, creditors, government services and organizations and public corporations (3) Without prejudice to the terms of the Contract, no holder of an authorization may publish or communicate any returns, reports, plans, data and other information compiled, received, kept or submitted pursuant to these Regulations or the terms of the Contract except upon the prior written approval of the Minister (4) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (3), the holders of an authorization may, without the prior written approval of the Minister, communicate such returns, reports, plans, data and other information available, to professional consultants, lawyers, legal advisers, accountants, underwriters, creditors and companies in which the holders of an authorizat ion maintain the majority in shares, or appoint the majority of members of the board of directors as well as to services and organizations and public corporations of the Republic that shall be entitled to require he disclosure of such information (5) Any notification or communication made by the Minister or a holder of an authorization pursuant to this Regulation shall be made on condition that the information so notified or communicated shall be deemed to be and treated as confidential by the natural or legal person that is the recipient of such information Powers of the Court for seizure and confiscation 24) The Court may order that any quantity of hydrocarbons that has been obtained as a result of the commission of an offence, as well as any machine, equipment, vehicle, ship or aircraft and also any construction that has been used during the commission thereof shall be confiscated and/or seized. Where the confiscation of hydrocarbons is not possible, the Court may order that the person committing the offence shall pay a fine to at least the value of the quantity of the hydrocarbons that have been unlawfully obtained Abandonment 5) (1) Unless the Minister deems otherwise, on expiry of the time-period or termination of an authorization, the holder of an authorization is bound to: ) remove all equipment, installations, structures, plants, appliances and pipelines from the area in accordance with the abandonment plan provided by the Contract ) perform all necessary site restoration activities in accordance with good international petroleum industry practice and take all other necessary measures to prevent hazards to human life or to the property of others or the environment (2) For the purpose of complying with the provisions of this Regulation, the Minister may, at any time, in accordance with the terms of the Contract, require the holders of an authorization to submit a guarantee, for an amount determined by the Minister, or in the alternative, to establish a reserve for future estimated abandonment and site restoration costs Abandonment of the well 6) (1) Prior to the abandonment of any well, the holders of an authorization are bound to inform the Minister in writing of their intention to do so, in the case of a producing well, at least thirty days before the abandonment and, in the case of any other well, at least two days before the abandonment. Such written notice shall contain a detailed plan and a time-schedule for the abandonment and plugging of the well. (2) Subject to the terms of the Contract, the holder of an authorization may, upon the expiration of the relevant period specified in the notice referred to in paragraph (1), or upon receipt by the holder of an authorization of the written approval of the plan by the Minister as provided for in paragraph (1), whichever is earlier, commence the abandonment operations in relation to such well. (3) The holder of an authorization is bound to: plug such well with a view to avoiding p ollution and possible damage to the reservoir and, unless the Contract otherwise provides or the Minister otherwise decides, remove all equipment, materials and facilities relating thereto ) ensure that cemented strings or other forms of casing shall not be withdrawn except with the prior written approval of the Minister and ) permit an authorized officer to inspect such abandonment operations. REFERENCES Marc Hammerson, Upstream Oil and Gas, July 2011 Republic of Cyprus, The hydrocarbons (prospection, exploration and exploitation) regulations, 2007and 2009 Republic of Cyprus, The hydrocarbons (prospection, exploration and exploitation) law, 2007